Luigi Galvani

Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Luigi Galvani shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Luigi Galvani offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Luigi Galvani at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Luigi Galvani? Wrong! If the Luigi Galvani is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Luigi Galvani then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Luigi Galvani? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Luigi Galvani and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Luigi Galvani wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Luigi Galvani then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Luigi Galvani site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Luigi Galvani, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Luigi Galvani, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

{{Infobox scientist|name = Luigi Galvani|image = Luigi Galvani, oil-painting.jpg|caption = Luigi Galvani - Italian physician famous for making frogs' legs twitch.|birth_date = September 9, 1737, a [Papal States|death_date = December 4, 1798, a [Papal States|work_institutions = University of Bologna-->

Luigi Galvani ([September 9 1737 – December 4 1798) was an Italy physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna. In 1771, he discovered that the muscles of dead frogs twitched when struck by a spark. Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) – Eric Weisstein’s World of Scientific Biolgraph. He was a pioneer in modern obstetrics, and discovered that muscle and neuron produce electricity.

Early life Galvani attended Bologna's medicine school and became a medical doctor like his father. In 1764 he married a well-liked woman of society, the only daughter of a professor at the University of Bologna. In 1772 Galvani became president of the university.

Frog legs ]In about 1766, Galvani began investigating the action of electricity upon the muscles of frogs. By observing the twitching in the muscles of frog legs suspended by ] hooks on an iron rail, Galvani was led to the invention of the metallic arc. The arc was made of two different metals, such that when one metal was placed in contact with a frog’s nerve and the other in contact with a muscle, a contraction would occur. Luigi Galvani – NNDB.In 1783, according to popular version of the story, Galvani dissected a frog at a table where he had been conducting experiments with static electricity, Galvani's assistant touched an exposed sciatic nerve of the frog with a metal scalpel, which had picked up a charge. At that moment, they saw sparks in an electricity machine and the dead frog's leg kick as if in life. The observation made Galvani the first investigator to appreciate the relationship between electricity and animation — or life. This finding provided the basis for the current understanding that electrical energy (carried by ions), and not air or fluid as in earlier Balloonist theory, is the impetus behind muscle movement. He is typically credited with the discovery of bioelectricity.

Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe whatever it was that activated the muscles of his specimens. Along with contemporaries, he regarded their activation as being generated by an electrical fluid that is carried to the muscles by the nerves. The phenomenon was dubbed "galvanism", after Galvani, on the suggestion of his peer and sometime intellectual adversary Alessandro Volta.

Animal electricity vs. heat electricity Galvani's investigations led shortly to the invention of an early Battery (electricity), but not by Galvani, who did not perceive electricity as separable from biology. Galvani did not see electricity as the essence of life, which he regarded vitalism. Galvani believed that the animal electricity came from the muscle. Galvani's associate Alessandro Volta, in opposition, reasoned that the animal electricity was a physical phenomenon, i.e. a metallic electricity.

While, as Galvani believed, all life is indeed electrical, specifically that all living things are made of cell (biology)s and every cell has a cell potential, biological electricity has the same chemical underpinnings as the flow of current between electrochemical cells, and thus can be recapitulated in a way outside the body. Volta's intuition was correct. Volta, essentially, objected to Galvani’s conclusions about “animal electric fluid,” but the two scientists disagreed respectfully and Volta coined the term galvanism for a direct current of electricity produced by chemical action. Luigi Galvani – IEEE Virtual Museum.

Thus, owing to an argument between the two, in regards to the source or cause of the electricity, Volta built the first battery in order to specifically disprove his associate's theory. Volta's "pile" became known therefore as a voltaic pile

Later life Lucia, Galvani's wife died in 1790 at age 47. Luigi died eight years later at the age of 61.

Miscellaneous

Galvani's report of his investigations were mentioned specifically by Mary Shelley as part of the summer reading list leading up to an ad hoc ghost story contest on a rainy day in Switzerland—and the resultant novel Frankenstein—and its electrically reanimated construct.
Galvani's name also survives in the Galvanic cell, the galvanometer and galvanization.
Galvani (crater), on the Moon, is also named after him.

References

See Also

Galvanization